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PeptideBasics101

peptide

Tirzepatide

A weekly shot, FDA approved for type 2 diabetes, weight loss, heart risk in diabetes, and sleep apnoea with obesity.

A once-weekly dual GIP and GLP-1 receptor agonist, approved for type 2 diabetes (adults and children 10 and older), cardiovascular risk reduction in type 2 diabetes, chronic weight management and obstructive sleep apnoea.

Data refreshed 2026-11-01 · Based on 8 published references

At a glance

FDA approved
Yes: Mounjaro, Zepbound
Potential results
  • About 15-21% weight loss (large trials vs placebo)
  • More weight loss than semaglutide (head-to-head trial)
  • Lower blood sugar than semaglutide in type 2 diabetes (large trial)
  • Fewer breathing pauses in sleep apnoea (trial vs placebo)
  • Fewer heart failure events in obesity (trial vs placebo)

Unverified, online reports only: weight loss, holding their weight steady, less 'food noise', and less pain and fewer bowel symptoms.

Dose
Label dosing
Converter: mg, mL and syringe units
Storage
Approved pens and vials are labeled for refrigeration at 2–8 °C (36–46 °F).
Side effects and warnings
  • The most common side effects are stomach problems. These include nausea, diarrhea, vomiting, constipation, indigestion, less appetite and belly pain. They are more likely at higher doses.
  • It carries a boxed warning (the FDA's strongest warning) about thyroid tumors. This is based on studies in rats and mice. No one knows yet if it applies to people.
  • Other serious risks include an inflamed pancreas and gallbladder problems. Kidney injury can happen, usually from losing fluids. Serious allergic reactions can happen. Eye damage can get worse in people who already have diabetic eye disease.

A summary of the sources on this page, not medical advice.

What else trials studied for weight loss, blood sugar and metabolism: see the research quiz.

Names

Generic: tirzepatide

Brands: Mounjaro, Zepbound

Also called: tirz, GIP/GLP-1, Mounjaro

Regulatory (US)

FDA approval: approved

503A compounding: restricted
Compounding is limited to the circumstances described under Regulatory picture; not a general permission.

Mounjaro — Type 2 diabetes in adults (US, 2022)

Mounjaro — Type 2 diabetes in pediatric patients 10 years and older (US, 2025)

Mounjaro — Reduce risk of major adverse cardiovascular events in adults with type 2 diabetes at high risk (US, 2026)

Zepbound — Chronic weight management (US, 2023)

Zepbound — Moderate to severe obstructive sleep apnoea in adults with obesity (US, 2024)

Molecule

Formula: C225H348N48O68

MW: 4813.5 g/mol

CAS: 2023788-19-2

PubChem entry

Sequence: Y-Aib-E-G-T-F-T-S-D-Y-S-I-Aib-L-D-K-I-A-Q-K(γGlu-2xOEG-C20 diacid)-A-F-V-Q-W-L-I-A-G-G-P-S-S-G-A-P-P-P-S-NH2

Origin

Discovered by: Tamer Coskun and colleagues, Eli Lilly

Year: 2018

Developer: Eli Lilly and Company

What it is

Tirzepatide is a lab-made short chain of amino acids (a peptide). It copies two gut hormones at once, called GIP and GLP-1. The body releases both after a meal. Both tell the pancreas to make insulin. GLP-1 also slows the stomach and lowers hunger.

A similar drug, semaglutide, copies only GLP-1. Tirzepatide copies both. This seems to be why it led to more weight loss when the two drugs were compared directly.

Eli Lilly sells it under two names. Mounjaro is for type 2 diabetes. Zepbound is for weight control and sleep apnoea (breathing that stops and starts during sleep). Both boxes hold the same drug. It is a shot given once a week.

Tirzepatide is a 39-residue synthetic peptide built on the GIP backbone, with Aib substitutions at positions 2 and 13 for DPP-4 resistance and a C20 fatty diacid on Lys20 via a γGlu-2xOEG linker for albumin binding. It is a full agonist at the GIP receptor and a biased partial agonist at the GLP-1 receptor, with lower β-arrestin recruitment than native GLP-1. Plasma half-life is about 5 days.

The pharmacological rationale is that GIP receptor agonism adds to GLP-1-driven weight loss through effects on adipose tissue insulin sensitivity and central appetite circuits, and may partly offset GLP-1 nausea. Whether the GIP component acts as an agonist or effectively as a desensitiser in vivo remains debated in the literature.

Who made it and when

Lilly scientists, including Tamer Coskun, designed it in the mid-2010s. Its code name was LY3298176. The first full report came out in 2018.

The FDA approved it for diabetes in May 2022. It approved it for weight control in November 2023. Sleep apnoea followed in December 2024. In December 2025, the diabetes approval grew to cover children 10 and older. In August 2026, Mounjaro was also approved to lower heart risk. Lilly holds the patents into the 2030s.

Coskun and colleagues reported the compound in Molecular Metabolism in 2018, describing its balanced GIP/GLP-1 receptor pharmacology and rodent efficacy. The core compound patent, US 9,474,780 (priority January 2015), is assigned to Eli Lilly. Approval history: Mounjaro (NDA 215866) 2022-05-13; Zepbound (NDA 217806) 2023-11-08; OSA indication 2024-12-20; Mounjaro pediatric type 2 diabetes (10 years and older, maximum 10 mg weekly) 2025-12-19; Mounjaro cardiovascular risk reduction in type 2 diabetes, based on SURPASS-CVOT, 2026-08-27. SURPASS-CVOT data were added to the Zepbound label on 2026-08-26 without a new Zepbound indication.

What the data say

People with obesity but no diabetes took part in one large study. On the highest dose, they lost about 21% of their body weight over 72 weeks. People on a dummy treatment (placebo) lost about 3%.

In a head-to-head study, tirzepatide beat semaglutide by about 6 percentage points of weight loss. In diabetes, it lowered blood sugar more than semaglutide 1 mg.

It also cut the number of sleep apnoea events. In people with obesity, it lowered heart failure problems. In one large study, it did about as well as dulaglutide, an older diabetes drug. That study looked at heart attacks, strokes and deaths from heart and blood vessel disease.

SURMOUNT-1 (n=2,539) reported placebo-adjusted weight change of −11.9 to −17.8 percentage points at 72 weeks. SURMOUNT-5 (n=751) reported −20.2% vs −13.7% for semaglutide at maximum tolerated dose, a treatment difference of −6.5 points. SURPASS-2 showed superior HbA1c and weight reduction vs semaglutide 1 mg at all three doses. SURMOUNT-OSA reported AHI reductions of about 25–29 events per hour. SUMMIT reported a hazard ratio of 0.62 for the composite of cardiovascular death or worsening heart failure in HFpEF with obesity. SURPASS-CVOT (n=13,299, median follow-up about 4 years) met non-inferiority vs dulaglutide on 3-point MACE with a hazard ratio of 0.92 (95.3% CI 0.83–1.01); superiority was not shown (Nicholls et al., NEJM 2025).

Regulatory picture

Tirzepatide is fully approved by the FDA under its two brand names. Copies made by anyone else are not approved.

There was a shortage from 2022 to 2024. During that time, special pharmacies (compounding pharmacies) could legally make copies. The FDA said the shortage was over in December 2024. It gave these pharmacies deadlines in February and March 2025 to stop.

Since then, the FDA has sent warning letters to sellers of “compounded” or “research” tirzepatide. In February 2026, it said it would take steps to limit the raw ingredient used in mass-marketed copies.

Tirzepatide is a component of FDA-approved products and is not on, and does not need to be on, the 503A bulk drug substances list. Compounding of essentially-copies is permitted only while the product is on the FDA drug shortage list. The FDA removed tirzepatide from the shortage list on 2024-10-02, re-evaluated after litigation by the Outsourcing Facilities Association, and confirmed the decision on 2024-12-19, with enforcement discretion ending 2025-02-18 (503A) and 2025-03-19 (503B). FDA confirmed in April 2026 that tirzepatide is on neither the shortage list nor the 503B bulks list. Personalised compounded formulations that differ materially from the approved product remain a contested area, and FDA’s February 2026 announcement signalled tighter control of GLP-1 active ingredients destined for non-approved compounded drugs.

Dose

Doses reported in trials and studies

How dosing worked in the studies

In the SURMOUNT-1 study, 2,539 adults took part. They had obesity, or were overweight with another health problem, and did not have diabetes. They got tirzepatide as a shot under the skin once a week for 72 weeks. They started at 2.5 mg. The dose went up by 2.5 mg every 4 weeks, until it reached 5, 10 or 15 mg. In the SURPASS-2 study, 1,879 adults with type 2 diabetes who were taking metformin were assigned by chance to one of two drugs. They got tirzepatide 5, 10 or 15 mg, or semaglutide 1 mg, once a week for 40 weeks. The SURMOUNT-OSA study used 10 or 15 mg once a week for 52 weeks. The SURPASS-CVOT study compared up to 15 mg once a week with dulaglutide 1.5 mg once a week.

Label dosing (FDA-approved products)

  • The Zepbound label (revised 08/2026) starts every indication at 2.5 mg injected subcutaneously once weekly for 4 weeks. It says this dose "is for treatment initiation and is not approved as a maintenance dosage". After 4 weeks the dose goes to 5 mg once weekly and "may be increased in 2.5 mg increments, after at least 4 weeks on the current dose". The recommended maintenance dosage is 5 mg, 10 mg or 15 mg once weekly for weight reduction and long-term maintenance, and 10 mg or 15 mg once weekly for obstructive sleep apnea. The maximum for all indications is 15 mg once weekly, and the label adds: "If patients do not tolerate a maintenance dosage, consider a lower maintenance dosage." (Zepbound (tirzepatide) prescribing information, FDA label rev. 08/2026)
  • The Mounjaro label (revised 08/2026) recommends a starting dosage of 2.5 mg injected subcutaneously once weekly and says: "If additional glycemic control is needed, increase the dosage in 2.5 mg increments after at least 4 weeks on the current dose." The maximum dosage is 15 mg injected subcutaneously once weekly in adults and 10 mg once weekly in pediatric patients. The pediatric indication is type 2 diabetes in patients 10 years of age and older. (Mounjaro (tirzepatide) prescribing information, FDA label rev. 08/2026)

Study doses are not personal dosing instructions. Reading doses safely: how concentration and syringe markings work.

Doses reported in studies, exactly as the cited trial reported them. They are not personal dosing instructions. Population, route and schedule matter more than the number.

TrialPhaseStatusPopulationDoseResult
SURMOUNT-1
NCT04184622		 3Completed2,539 adults with obesity or overweight plus comorbidity, no diabetes5, 10 or 15 mg subcutaneous once weekly, escalated from 2.5 mg in 2.5 mg steps every 4 weeks, 72 weeks−15.0%, −19.5% and −20.9% body weight vs −3.1% placebo at 72 weeks (Jastreboff et al., NEJM 2022)
SURPASS-2
NCT03987919		 3Completed1,879 adults with type 2 diabetes on metformin5, 10 or 15 mg once weekly vs semaglutide 1 mg once weekly, 40 weeksHbA1c −2.01, −2.24 and −2.30 points vs −1.86 with semaglutide 1 mg (Frías et al., NEJM 2021)
SURMOUNT-5
NCT05822830		 3Completed751 adults with obesity or overweight plus comorbidity, no diabetesMaximum tolerated dose (10 or 15 mg) once weekly vs semaglutide at maximum tolerated dose (1.7 or 2.4 mg) once weekly, 72 weeks−20.2% body weight vs −13.7% with semaglutide (Aronne et al., NEJM 2025)
SURMOUNT-OSA
NCT05412004		 3Completed469 adults with obesity and moderate to severe obstructive sleep apnoea10 or 15 mg once weekly, 52 weeksApnoea–hypopnoea index reduced by about 25–29 events per hour vs 5–6 with placebo (Malhotra et al., NEJM 2024)
SUMMIT
NCT04847557		 3Completed731 adults with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction and obesityUp to 15 mg once weekly38% lower risk of cardiovascular death or worsening heart failure, hazard ratio 0.62 (Packer et al., NEJM 2025)
SURPASS-CVOT
NCT04255433		 3Completed13,299 adults with type 2 diabetes and atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseaseUp to 15 mg once weekly vs dulaglutide 1.5 mg once weeklyNon-inferior to dulaglutide on death from cardiovascular causes, myocardial infarction or stroke, hazard ratio 0.92 (95.3% CI 0.83–1.01); superiority not shown (Nicholls et al., NEJM 2025)

Doses in other published studies

Published studies not listed in the trials table above: smaller or unregistered human studies first, then animal and cell studies. Doses are shown exactly as each study reported them. Animal studies report weight-based doses, absolute amounts or concentrations; none translates directly to people, and none is converted here.

SubjectsDesignDoseFindingSource
Humans: 1 woman aged 30, BMI 24.8 kg/m², no known diabetes or obesity, using tirzepatide obtained without a prescription for weight lossCase reportTirzepatide 2.5 mg subcutaneously once weekly, increased to 5 mg once weekly 1 week before presentation (the report does not state how long she used 2.5 mg)After 4 days of severe nausea, about 10 vomiting episodes a day and markedly reduced intake, she was admitted to intensive care with euglycaemic (starvation-type) ketoacidosis; the anion gap closed and ketones normalised within 36 hours after tirzepatide was stopped and she received dextrose-containing fluids, thiamine, antiemetics and gradual refeeding.Abdelshafey EE et al., Am J Case Rep, 2026
Humans: 99 young people aged 10 to under 18 with youth-onset type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled with metformin and/or basal insulinRandomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial (SURPASS-PEDS, NCT05260021), 30 weeks, then a 22-week open-label extensionTirzepatide 5 mg or 10 mg by subcutaneous injection with a single-dose pen, given weekly and reached by stepwise increases every four weeks from a low starting dose (frequency and escalation from the ClinicalTrials.gov record), vs placebo; 30 weeks double-blind, then tirzepatide for all participants for 22 weeksAt week 30, HbA1c fell by 2.23% in the pooled tirzepatide groups and rose by 0.05% with placebo (estimated treatment difference −2.28%).Hannon TS et al., Lancet, 2025
Humans: 111 people with type 2 diabetes (mean age 57.4 years, mean HbA1c 8.4%, mean BMI 31.9 kg/m²)Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 2 study comparing three dose-escalation regimens (NCT03311724), 12 weeksOnce-weekly subcutaneous tirzepatide: 12 mg group (4 mg weeks 0–3; 8 mg weeks 4–7; 12 mg weeks 8–11), 15 mg-1 group (2.5 mg weeks 0–1; 5 mg weeks 2–3; 10 mg weeks 4–7; 15 mg weeks 8–11) or 15 mg-2 group (2.5 mg weeks 0–3; 7.5 mg weeks 4–7; 15 mg weeks 8–11), vs placebo; 12 weeksHbA1c fell by 1.7–2.0% vs a 0.2% rise with placebo, and nausea occurred in 24.1–39.3% vs 7.7% on placebo; the authors suggested that lower starting doses and smaller dose increments are associated with a more favourable side-effect profile.Frias JP et al., Diabetes Obes Metab, 2020
Humans: 142 people who received at least one dose of tirzepatide, dulaglutide or placebo (healthy participants, and people with type 2 diabetes)Phase 1 randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study with single ascending dose, 4-week multiple ascending dose and 4-week phase 1b proof-of-concept parts (NCT02759107)Healthy participants: single subcutaneous doses 0.25–8 mg; four once-weekly doses (days 1, 8, 15, 22) at fixed 0.5–4.5 mg or titrated 5/5/8/10 mg, with dulaglutide 1.5 mg/week as control. Type 2 diabetes: fixed 0.5 or 5 mg, or titrated 5/5/10/10 mg or 5/5/10/15 mg, once weekly for 4 weeksMean half-life was about 5 days (116.7 h); in healthy participants over 4 weeks, body weight fell more than with placebo at 1.5 mg, 4.5 mg and 10 mg (titrated) (differences −1.75 to −5.09 kg); gastrointestinal side effects were dose-dependent and mild to moderate.Coskun T et al., Mol Metab, 2018
Humans: 318 adults aged 18–75 with type 2 diabetes (316 treated), HbA1c 7.0–10.5%, BMI 23–50 kg/m², on diet and exercise alone or stable metforminRandomised, double-blind, placebo- and dulaglutide-controlled phase 2 trial (NCT03131687), 26 weeksTirzepatide (LY3298176) 1 mg, 5 mg, 10 mg or 15 mg subcutaneous once weekly vs dulaglutide 1.5 mg once weekly or placebo, 26 weeksHbA1c changed by −1.06% (1 mg), −1.73% (5 mg), −1.89% (10 mg) and −1.94% (15 mg) vs −0.06% with placebo, and gastrointestinal events rose from 23.1% at 1 mg to 66.0% at 15 mg (9.8% placebo).Frias JP et al., Lancet, 2018
Mice: diet-induced obese male C57/Bl6 mice (the paper also analyses phase 1 participants with and without type 2 diabetes)Preclinical gastric-emptying study with a phase 1 clinical analysisMice: single subcutaneous tirzepatide 0.3, 1, 3, 10 or 30 nmol/kg given before a 16-hour overnight fast (acute), or daily 1, 3 or 10 nmol/kg for 14 days (chronic). Humans: once-weekly tirzepatide for 4 weeks in the phase 1 study (reported doses include 0.5, 1.5, 4.5 and 5 mg, and 5/5/10/10 or 5/5/10/15 mg escalation schedules in type 2 diabetes)In mice, a single dose slowed gastric emptying about as much as semaglutide, but this effect was gone after 2 weeks of treatment; in people, single doses of ≥4.5 mg (healthy) or ≥5 mg (type 2 diabetes) delayed gastric emptying, and in healthy participants the effect diminished after repeated weekly doses.Urva S et al., Diabetes Obes Metab, 2020

Mixing examples reported by protocol websites

Examples for the freeze-dried powder, as reported by protocol websites, not taken from studies. The water amount only sets the concentration (how much is in each mL); it does not change how much of the compound is in the vial. Each concentration assumes the vial really holds its labelled amount and the final liquid volume equals the water added.

VialWater addedConcentration
10 mg1.0 mL10 mg/mL
15 mg1.5 mL10 mg/mL
40 mg2.0 mL20 mg/mL
  1. Clean the rubber tops of both vials with an alcohol swab.
  2. Add the water slowly, letting it run down the inside wall of the vial rather than onto the powder.
  3. Swirl or roll gently until the powder dissolves; protocol sites advise against shaking.
  4. The liquid should be clear. If it is cloudy or has specks in it, do not use it. Clear liquid does not show that the product is pure, the right strength or sterile.
  5. Write the date and the concentration on the vial, and keep it in the fridge (2–8 °C). No safe storage time after mixing has been established for these products.

Products sold as "research peptides" have not gone through FDA review for safety, effectiveness or quality. Bacteriostatic water does not sterilize a contaminated powder. It contains benzyl alcohol, and its label says it is not for use in newborns. To work out a volume from your own numbers, use the converter.

Doses described in clinical or compounding practice

From FDA labels and documents, other regulators, published reviews and professional references, as each source states them. Unless a source says otherwise, these describe practice or proposals, not results tested in trials. Reading doses safely: how concentration and syringe markings work.

Doses reported in online communities (untested)

Unverified, and not a recommendation. These are amounts people describe in online forums such as Reddit, collected so researchers can see how practice differs from the evidence. These forum accounts are not clinical evidence, even where they overlap studied doses. Products sold online as "research peptides" are not FDA approved, and their identity, purity and strength are not verified; they can be mislabeled, contaminated or wrongly dosed.

What people report

In the threads reviewed, low-dose or 'microdose' users reported injecting about 0.5–2 mg, mostly once a week; several people in one compounded-tirzepatide thread reported weekly amounts above the 15 mg label maximum. The main disagreement was over amounts under 2.5 mg, which critics called untested, describing 2.5 mg as only a starting dose. Some posters claimed benefits; these uncontrolled accounts cannot establish treatment effects. Reported side effects included gastrointestinal symptoms (nausea, diarrhoea, constipation, reflux), tiredness, anxiety and hair loss.

How this compares with the studies

Human data reviewed at amounts under 2.5 mg come only from a 4-week phase 1 study and the 1 mg arm of a 26-week phase 2 trial in type 2 diabetes. No study reviewed tested dosing intervals other than weekly or weekly totals above 15 mg. Posters traced their amounts to an endocrinologist's prescription or to their own choices with compounded or split products, so exposure, safety and efficacy cannot be compared with trials.

Open questions a study would need to answer

Threads consulted, checked 2026-09-26: Micro-dosing per my doctor: is this normal? (r/Zepbound) · How do I find the right (super low) maintenence dose? (r/Zepbound) · Am I sabotaging my zepbound experience by microdosing on vials? (r/Zepbound) · My endocrinologist started me on a very low dose of Mounjaro — looking for experiences with microdosing and increasing to 2.5 mg (r/Mounjaro) · Mounjaro, Anxiety, and Microdosing (r/Mounjaro) · Microdose decision (r/tirzepatidecompound) · I started microdose 3 weeks ago and have started having GERD never had previously (r/tirzepatidecompound) · 4+ year veterans of Tirzepatide have you increased dose above 15mg? (r/tirzepatidecompound)

Enforcement history

Side effects and warnings

Full lists are in the .

Reported side effects

Interactions

Contraindications

Storage

Unopened: Approved pens and vials are labeled for refrigeration at 2–8 °C (36–46 °F). Do not freeze. Protect from light.

Reconstituted / in use: Single-dose pens and vials may be kept unrefrigerated up to 30 °C (86 °F) for a total of 21 days. Opened multi-dose vials and KwikPens may be kept refrigerated or up to 30 °C; the vial label says to discard 30 days after first use or after four weekly doses.

Research-grade lyophilized powder is typically shipped and stored frozen. Once dissolved, suppliers state 2–8 °C and short-term use. Those figures are supplier claims, not label data.

Product characteristics

Form: Solution for subcutaneous injection in single-dose pens and vials, multi-dose vials and multi-dose KwikPens; research grade sold as lyophilized powder

Appearance: Clear, colorless to slightly yellow solution

Solubility: Soluble in water and aqueous buffers near neutral pH

Stability: C20 fatty diacid gives strong albumin binding and a half-life of about 5 days

Compound information

Synthetic 39-residue lipidated peptide based on the GIP sequence, with two Aib substitutions and a C-terminal amide. Handle as a bioactive peptide; avoid inhalation of powder.

Molecule, patents, enforcement history, full trial tables and compound details are in the .

Patents

Common questions

What is Tirzepatide?

Tirzepatide is a lab-made short chain of amino acids (a peptide). It copies two gut hormones at once, called GIP and GLP-1. The body releases both after a meal. Both tell the pancreas to make insulin. GLP-1 also slows the stomach and lowers hunger.

Is Tirzepatide FDA approved?

FDA approved as Mounjaro and Zepbound, for type 2 diabetes, weight management, heart-risk reduction, and obstructive sleep apnea with obesity.

What have studies found?

How was it dosed in studies?

In the SURMOUNT-1 study, 2,539 adults took part. They had obesity, or were overweight with another health problem, and did not have diabetes. They got tirzepatide as a shot under the skin once a week for 72 weeks. They started at 2.5 mg. The dose went up by 2.5 mg every 4 weeks, until it reached 5, 10 or 15 mg. In the SURPASS-2 study, 1,879 adults with type 2 diabetes who were taking metformin were assigned by chance to one of two drugs. They got tirzepatide 5, 10 or 15 mg, or semaglutide 1 mg, once a week for 40 weeks. The SURMOUNT-OSA study used 10 or 15 mg once a week for 52 weeks. The SURPASS-CVOT study compared up to 15 mg once a week with dulaglutide 1.5 mg once a week.

What are the side effects and warnings?

References

This page summarises the published sources below. PeptideBasics101 does no original research. Trial doses and results are reported as the cited study or label reported them. Sources can themselves be wrong or superseded; if you find a statement here that does not match its source, please tell us through our corrections process. Sources were last checked on 2026-11-01.

Based on 8 published references
  1. Mounjaro prescribing information (FDA label, rev. 08/2026) (accessdata.fda.gov)
  2. Zepbound prescribing information (FDA label, rev. 08/2026) (accessdata.fda.gov)
  3. Coskun T et al. LY3298176, a novel dual GIP and GLP-1 receptor agonist. Mol Metab 2018 (doi.org)
  4. Jastreboff AM et al. Tirzepatide once weekly for the treatment of obesity (SURMOUNT-1). NEJM 2022 (nejm.org)
  5. Frías JP et al. Tirzepatide versus semaglutide once weekly in patients with type 2 diabetes (SURPASS-2). NEJM 2021 (nejm.org)
  6. Aronne LJ et al. Tirzepatide as compared with semaglutide for the treatment of obesity (SURMOUNT-5). NEJM 2025 (nejm.org)
  7. FDA: policies for compounders as national GLP-1 supply stabilizes (fda.gov)
  8. PubChem: tirzepatide (pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov)

Clinical trial entries in the table above link to their ClinicalTrials.gov registry records. Spotted an error? See corrections.

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